二級自動車整備士の過去問の例

English

Which of the following statements about the squish area formed by the cylinder head and the piston is inappropriate?

1. The larger the area of the squish area, the higher the flow velocity of the swirl of the air-fuel mixture.
2. An inclined squish area, because of its inclined shape, allows the intake air from the intake passage to flow smoothly, and a strong swirl is produced.
3. The swirl produced by the squish area serves to lower the flame propagation speed in the combustion stroke and to extend the combustion time of the mixture, thereby promoting a rise in the maximum combustion gas temperature.
4. The smaller the thickness (clearance) of the squish area, the higher the flow velocity of the swirl of the air-fuel mixture.

The squish area is the gap between the bottom face of the cylinder head and the top face of the piston. Near top dead center, the mixture is pushed out of this gap and a swirl forms. The swirl is faster when the area is larger and when the thickness (clearance) is smaller. The swirl speeds up flame propagation in the combustion stroke. It shortens the combustion time and keeps the maximum combustion gas temperature from rising. The correct answer is (3). In (3), 'it slows down flame propagation, makes the combustion time longer, and helps the maximum combustion gas temperature rise' is wrong. Correct: it speeds up flame propagation, shortens the combustion time, and keeps the temperature from rising. The other three are correct statements.

नेपाली

cylinder head र piston ले बनाउने squish area सम्बन्धी कथनहरूमध्ये 【अनुपयुक्त】 कुन हो?

1. squish area को area जति ठूलो हुन्छ, air-fuel mixture को swirl को flow velocity त्यति उच्च हुन्छ।
2. छड्के (inclined) squish area मा छड्के आकारका कारण intake passage बाट हावा सजिलै भित्र पस्छ, र बलियो swirl उत्पन्न हुन्छ।
3. squish area ले बनाउने swirl ले combustion stroke मा flame propagation को गति घटाएर air-fuel mixture को combustion time लम्ब्याई maximum combustion gas temperature बढ्न सघाउने भूमिका खेल्छ।
4. squish area को मोटाइ (clearance) जति सानो हुन्छ, air-fuel mixture को swirl को flow velocity त्यति उच्च हुन्छ।

स्किस एरिया (squish area) भनेको सिलिन्डर हेडको तल्लो सतह र पिस्टनको माथिल्लो सतहबीचको खाली ठाउँ हो। TDC नजिक मिश्रण यहाँबाट धकेलिएर बाहिर निस्कन्छ, र भुमरी प्रवाह (swirl) बन्छ। क्षेत्रफल जति ठूलो र मोटाइ (क्लियरेन्स) जति सानो, भुमरी प्रवाह त्यति छिटो हुन्छ। भुमरी प्रवाहले दहन स्ट्रोकमा ज्वाला फैलिने गति छिटो बनाउँछ, दहन समय छोटो बनाउँछ, र अधिकतम दहन ग्यास तापक्रम बढ्न दिँदैन। सही उत्तर (3) हो। (3) मा “ज्वाला फैलिने गति ढिलो बनाएर, दहन समय लामो बनाएर, अधिकतम दहन ग्यास तापक्रम बढाउँछ” भन्ने कुरा गलत हो। सही कुरा: ज्वाला फैलिने गति छिटो बनाउँछ, दहन समय छोटो बनाउँछ, र तापक्रम बढ्न दिँदैन। बाँकी 3 वटा कथन सही छन्।

中文

关于由气缸盖和活塞形成的挤气区（スキッシュ・エリア）的叙述中，不适当的是下列哪一项？

1. 挤气区的面积越大，混合气涡流的流速越高。
2. 倾斜挤气区由于其倾斜形状，来自进气通道的进气变得顺畅，可产生强涡流。
3. 挤气区产生的涡流，起到降低燃烧行程中火焰传播速度、延长混合气燃烧时间，从而促进最高燃烧气体温度上升的作用。
4. 挤气区的厚度（间隙）越小，混合气涡流的流速越高。

本题选【不恰当】的一项。挤气区是气缸盖底面与活塞顶面之间的间隙。在上止点附近，混合气从这里被挤出，形成涡流。面积越大、厚度（间隙）越小，涡流越快。涡流使做功行程的火焰传播变快，缩短燃烧时间，抑制最高燃烧气体温度的上升。正确答案是(3)。(3)的“使火焰传播变慢，延长燃烧时间，促进最高燃烧气体温度上升”是错误的（【不恰当】）。正确说法是使火焰传播变快，缩短燃烧时间，抑制温度上升。其他3个是正确的说法。

සිංහල

cylinder head සහ piston මඟින් සෑදෙන squish area පිළිබඳ ප්‍රකාශ අතරින් 【සුදුසු නොවන】 එක කුමක්ද?

1. squish area හි area විශාල වන තරමට air-fuel mixture හි swirl ප්‍රවේගය ඉහළ යයි.
2. ඇල (slanted) squish area එක, ඇල හැඩය නිසා intake passage එකෙන් එන intake air සුමට වී, ශක්තිමත් swirl ඇති කරයි.
3. squish area මඟින් ඇති වන swirl, combustion stroke හි flame propagation වේගය අඩු කර, air-fuel mixture හි combustion time දිගු කිරීමෙන් maximum combustion gas temperature ඉහළ යාම වේගවත් කිරීමේ කාර්යය කරයි.
4. squish area හි ඝනකම (clearance) කුඩා වන තරමට air-fuel mixture හි swirl ප්‍රවේගය ඉහළ යයි.

【සුදුසු නොවන】 එක තෝරන ප්‍රශ්නයකි. squish area යනු cylinder head යට මතුපිට සහ piston මුදුන් මතුපිට අතර හිඩැසයි. top dead center අසලදී air-fuel mixture මෙතැනින් තල්ලු වී swirl ඇති වේ. area විශාල වන තරමට සහ ඝනකම (clearance) කුඩා වන තරමට swirl වේගවත්. swirl, combustion stroke හි flame propagation වේගවත් කර, combustion time කෙටි කර maximum combustion gas temperature ඉහළ යාම පාලනය කරයි. නිවැරදි පිළිතුර (3) වේ. (3) හි ‘flame propagation මන්දගාමී කර combustion time දිගු කර maximum combustion gas temperature ඉහළ යාම වේගවත් කරයි’ යන්න වැරදියි. නිවැරදි කරුණ: flame propagation වේගවත් කර, combustion time කෙටි කර උෂ්ණත්වය ඉහළ යාම පාලනය කරයි. අනෙක් 3 නිවැරදි වාක්‍ය වේ.

Tiếng Việt

Về vùng squish (squish area) được tạo bởi nắp máy (cylinder head) và piston, câu nào sau đây là KHÔNG phù hợp?

1. Diện tích vùng squish càng lớn thì tốc độ dòng xoáy của hỗn hợp càng cao.
2. Vùng squish nghiêng (slant squish area), nhờ hình dạng nghiêng nên khí nạp từ đường nạp đi vào êm hơn, và tạo được dòng xoáy mạnh.
3. Dòng xoáy do vùng squish tạo ra có nhiệm vụ làm giảm tốc độ lan truyền ngọn lửa trong kỳ cháy (kỳ nổ), kéo dài thời gian cháy của hỗn hợp để thúc đẩy nhiệt độ cao nhất của khí cháy tăng lên.
4. Độ dày (khe hở - clearance) của vùng squish càng nhỏ thì tốc độ dòng xoáy của hỗn hợp càng cao.

Vùng ép xoáy (squish area) là khe hở giữa mặt dưới nắp máy và đỉnh piston. Gần điểm chết trên, hỗn hợp bị ép ra từ đây và tạo dòng xoáy. Diện tích càng lớn, độ dày (khe hở) càng nhỏ thì dòng xoáy càng nhanh. Dòng xoáy làm ngọn lửa lan truyền nhanh hơn trong kỳ cháy, rút ngắn thời gian cháy và hạn chế nhiệt độ khí cháy cao nhất tăng lên. Đáp án đúng là (3). Câu (3) sai ở chỗ “làm ngọn lửa lan truyền chậm, kéo dài thời gian cháy và thúc đẩy nhiệt độ khí cháy cao nhất tăng lên”. Thực ra, dòng xoáy làm ngọn lửa lan truyền nhanh, rút ngắn thời gian cháy và hạn chế nhiệt độ tăng. Ba câu còn lại đều đúng.

မြန်မာ

ဆလင်ဒါခေါင်း (cylinder head) နှင့် ပစ္စတင် (piston) ဖြင့် ဖွဲ့စည်းထားသော စကွစ်ရှ် ဧရိယာ (squish area) နှင့် ပတ်သက်သော ဖော်ပြချက်အဖြစ် 【မသင့်လျော်သည့်】အချက်မှာ အောက်ပါတို့အနက် မည်သည်နည်း။

1. စကွစ်ရှ် ဧရိယာ၏ မျက်နှာပြင် အကျယ် (area) ကြီးလေလေ ရောစပ်လေ (air-fuel mixture) ၏ ဝဲစီးကြောင်း (swirl) စီးနှုန်း မြန်လေလေ ဖြစ်သည်။
2. စောင်း စကွစ်ရှ် ဧရိယာ (slanted squish area) သည် စောင်းသော ပုံသဏ္ဌာန်ကြောင့် လေဝင်လမ်း (intake port) မှ ဝင်လာသော လေ ချောမွေ့စွာ ဝင်ပြီး ပြင်းထန်သော ဝဲစီးကြောင်း ဖြစ်ပေါ်စေနိုင်သည်။
3. စကွစ်ရှ် ဧရိယာကြောင့် ဖြစ်သော ဝဲစီးကြောင်းသည် လောင်ကျွမ်း စထရုခ် (combustion stroke) အတွင်း မီးတောက်ပျံ့နှံ့မှု (flame propagation) ၏ အမြန်နှုန်းကို နှေးစေပြီး ရောစပ်လေ၏ လောင်ကျွမ်းချိန်ကို ရှည်စေခြင်းဖြင့် အမြင့်ဆုံး လောင်ကျွမ်းဓာတ်ငွေ့ အပူချိန် တက်ခြင်းကို အားပေးသော တာဝန်ကို ထမ်းဆောင်သည်။
4. စကွစ်ရှ် ဧရိယာ၏ အထူ (clearance) သေးလေလေ ရောစပ်လေ၏ ဝဲစီးကြောင်း စီးနှုန်း မြန်လေလေ ဖြစ်သည်။

စကွစ်ရှ် ဧရိယာ (squish area) ဆိုသည်မှာ ဆလင်ဒါ ခေါင်း (cylinder head) ၏ အောက်မျက်နှာပြင်နှင့် ပစ္စတင် ထိပ်မျက်နှာပြင်ကြားရှိ ကြားနေရာ ဖြစ်သည်။ အပေါ်သေမှတ် (TDC) အနီးတွင် ရောစပ်လေ (air-fuel mixture) သည် ဤနေရာမှ ဖိထုတ်ခံရပြီး ဝဲစီးကြောင်း (swirl) ဖြစ်ပေါ်သည်။ ဝဲစီးကြောင်းသည် ဧရိယာ ကြီးလေ၊ အထူ (ကြားအကွာ၊ clearance) ငယ်လေ မြန်လေ ဖြစ်သည်။ ဝဲစီးကြောင်းသည် လောင်ကျွမ်း အဆင့် (combustion stroke) ၏ မီးတောက် ပျံ့နှံ့မှု (flame propagation) ကို မြန်စေပြီး လောင်ကျွမ်းချိန်ကို တိုစေကာ အမြင့်ဆုံး လောင်ကျွမ်းဓာတ်ငွေ့ အပူချိန် မြင့်တက်မှုကို ထိန်းသည်။ အဖြေမှန်မှာ (3) ဖြစ်သည်။ (3) တွင် “မီးတောက် ပျံ့နှံ့မှုကို နှေးစေပြီး လောင်ကျွမ်းချိန်ကို ရှည်စေကာ အမြင့်ဆုံး လောင်ကျွမ်းဓာတ်ငွေ့ အပူချိန် မြင့်တက်မှုကို အားပေးသည်” ဟူသောအချက် မှားသည်။ အမှန်မှာ မီးတောက် ပျံ့နှံ့မှုကို မြန်စေပြီး လောင်ကျွမ်းချိန်ကို တိုစေကာ အပူချိန် မြင့်တက်မှုကို ထိန်းသည်။ ကျန် 3 ခုမှာ မှန်သော စာကြောင်းများ ဖြစ်သည်။

Bahasa Indonesia

Manakah pernyataan tentang squish area yang dibentuk oleh kepala silinder dan piston berikut ini yang tidak tepat?

1. Makin besar luas squish area, makin tinggi kecepatan aliran pusaran (swirl) campuran udara-bahan bakar.
2. Squish area miring, karena bentuknya miring, membuat udara masuk dari saluran masuk mengalir dengan lancar, dan menghasilkan pusaran yang kuat.
3. Pusaran yang dihasilkan squish area berfungsi menurunkan kecepatan rambat api pada langkah pembakaran dan memperpanjang waktu pembakaran campuran, sehingga mendorong kenaikan suhu maksimum gas pembakaran.
4. Makin kecil tebal (celah) squish area, makin tinggi kecepatan aliran pusaran campuran udara-bahan bakar.

English

Which of the following statements about spark plugs is appropriate?

1. Making the center electrode of the spark plug thinner improves spark performance and also improves ignitability.
2. Misfire is likely to occur when the flame-quenching action is too weak or when the flow velocity of the intake mixture is too low.
3. When the air-fuel ratio is too large (too lean), misfire does not occur, but conversely, when it is too small (too rich), combustion does not proceed smoothly, so misfire occurs.
4. Compared with a low heat-rating plug, a high heat-rating plug has a larger surface area of the part exposed to the flame and a larger gas pocket volume.

An ignition miss is when the spark jumps but the mixture does not burn. It happens easily when the quenching effect of the electrodes is too strong, when the mixture flow speed is too high, and when the mixture is too lean or too rich. A thinner center electrode reduces the quenching effect, so sparking performance and ignition performance both improve. A high heat-value type plug (cold type) has a smaller surface area and a smaller gas pocket. The correct answer is (1). A thinner center electrode makes the quenching effect smaller, and both sparking performance and ignition performance improve. The other three are wrong. See the explanation for each choice to find what is wrong.

नेपाली

spark plug सम्बन्धी कथनहरूमध्ये उपयुक्त कुन हो?

1. spark plug को center electrode पातलो बनाउँदा sparking performance सुधारिन्छ, साथै ignitability पनि सुधारिन्छ।
2. misfire, quenching effect धेरै कमजोर हुँदा वा intake air-fuel mixture को flow velocity धेरै कम हुँदा हुन सजिलो हुन्छ।
3. air-fuel ratio धेरै ठूलो (धेरै lean) हुँदा misfire हुँदैन, तर उल्टो धेरै सानो (धेरै rich) हुँदा combustion राम्रोसँग नहुने भएकाले misfire हुन्छ।
4. high heat-range type plug मा low heat-range type plug को तुलनामा flame मा पर्ने भागको surface area र gas pocket को आयतन ठूलो हुन्छ।

इग्निसन मिस (misfire) भनेको स्पार्क त निस्कन्छ तर मिश्रण बल्दैन भन्ने अवस्था हो। इलेक्ट्रोडको ज्वाला निभाउने प्रभाव (quenching action) धेरै बलियो हुँदा, मिश्रणको प्रवाह वेग धेरै उच्च हुँदा, र मिश्रण धेरै पातलो वा धेरै गाढा हुँदा यो धेरै हुन्छ। केन्द्र इलेक्ट्रोड पातलो बनाउँदा ज्वाला निभाउने प्रभाव घट्छ, र स्पार्क निस्कने क्षमता र आगो लाग्ने क्षमता दुवै राम्रो हुन्छ। उच्च ताप मान (high heat range) प्रकारमा सतह क्षेत्रफल र ग्यास पकेट सानो हुन्छ। सही उत्तर (1) हो। केन्द्र इलेक्ट्रोड पातलो बनाउँदा ज्वाला निभाउने प्रभाव सानो हुन्छ, र स्पार्क निस्कने क्षमता र आगो लाग्ने क्षमता दुवै राम्रो हुन्छ। बाँकी 3 वटा गलत छन्। कहाँ गलत छ भन्ने कुरा हरेक विकल्पको व्याख्यामा हेर्नुहोस्।

中文

关于火花塞的叙述中，适当的是下列哪一项？

1. 将火花塞的中心电极做细，跳火性提高，同时着火性也提高。
2. 着火失败在消焰作用过弱时，或吸入混合气的流速过低时容易发生。
3. 空燃比过大（过稀）时不会发生着火失败，反之过小（过浓）时，由于燃烧不能顺利进行，会发生着火失败。
4. 高热值型火花塞与低热值型火花塞相比，暴露于火焰部分的表面积及气囊（ガス・ポケット）的容积大。

着火失败是指火花跳了，但混合气没有燃烧的现象。在电极的消焰作用太强时、混合气的流速太高时、混合气太稀或太浓时容易发生。中心电极做细后，消焰作用减小，跳火性和着火性都提高。高热值型的表面积和气体腔（gas pocket）都小。正确答案是(1)。中心电极做细后，消焰作用变小，跳火性和着火性都提高。其他3项是错误的。错在哪里，请看各选项的说明。

සිංහල

spark plug පිළිබඳ ප්‍රකාශ අතරින් සුදුසු එක කුමක්ද?

1. spark plug එකේ center electrode එක සිහින් කළ විට, sparking performance වැඩි වන අතරම ignitability ද වැඩි වේ.
2. misfire ඇති වීමට පහසු වන්නේ, quenching effect ඉතා දුර්වල විට හෝ intake air-fuel mixture හි ප්‍රවේගය ඉතා අඩු විටය.
3. air-fuel ratio ඉතා විශාල (ඉතා lean) විට misfire ඇති නොවේ; නමුත් ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධව ඉතා කුඩා (ඉතා rich) විට දහනය සුමටව සිදු නොවන නිසා misfire ඇති වේ.
4. high heat-range plug එක, low heat-range plug එකට සාපේක්ෂව, flame එකට නිරාවරණය වන කොටසේ මතුපිට area සහ gas pocket එකේ පරිමාව විශාලය.

ජ්වලන අසාර්ථකත්වය (misfire / ignition failure) යනු ගිනි පුපුරු (spark) පැනුනත් වායු-ඉන්ධන මිශ්‍රණය (air-fuel mixture) නොදැවෙන තත්ත්වයයි. ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝඩයේ ගිනි නිවීමේ ක්‍රියාව (quenching effect) ඉතා ප්‍රබල වූ විට, මිශ්‍රණයේ ප්‍රවාහ වේගය ඉතා වැඩි වූ විට, සහ මිශ්‍රණය ඉතා දුර්වල (lean) හෝ ඉතා ඝන (rich) වූ විට මෙය සිදු වීමට ඉඩ වැඩියි. මධ්‍ය ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝඩය (center electrode) සිහින් කළ විට ගිනි නිවීමේ ක්‍රියාව අඩු වී, ගිනි පුපුරු පැනීමේ හැකියාව සහ ජ්වලන හැකියාව වැඩි දියුණු වේ. ඉහළ තාප අගය වර්ගයේ (cold type / high heat range) මතුපිට වර්ගඵලය සහ ගෑස් පොකට්ටුව (gas pocket) කුඩායි. නිවැරදි පිළිතුර (1) වේ. මධ්‍ය ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝඩය සිහින් කළ විට ගිනි නිවීමේ ක්‍රියාව කුඩා වී, ගිනි පුපුරු පැනීමේ හැකියාව සහ ජ්වලන හැකියාව දෙකම වැඩි දියුණු වේ. අනෙක් 3 වැරදියි. වෙනස කොතැනද යන්න එක් එක් විකල්පයේ පැහැදිලි කිරීම බලන්න.

Tiếng Việt

Về bugi (spark plug), câu nào sau đây là phù hợp?

1. Khi làm điện cực giữa của bugi mảnh hơn, khả năng phóng tia lửa tốt hơn và khả năng bắt cháy cũng tốt hơn.
2. Hiện tượng không bắt lửa (misfire) dễ xảy ra khi tác dụng dập tắt ngọn lửa (quenching) quá yếu, hoặc khi tốc độ dòng hòa khí nạp quá thấp.
3. Khi tỷ lệ không khí - nhiên liệu quá lớn (quá loãng) thì không xảy ra hiện tượng không bắt lửa; ngược lại khi quá nhỏ (quá đậm) thì việc cháy không diễn ra trơn tru nên xảy ra hiện tượng không bắt lửa.
4. So với bugi loại chỉ số nhiệt thấp, bugi loại chỉ số nhiệt cao có diện tích bề mặt phần tiếp xúc với ngọn lửa và thể tích khoang khí (gas pocket) lớn hơn.

Lỗi bắt cháy (ignition miss) là hiện tượng tia lửa vẫn phóng ra nhưng hỗn hợp không cháy. Hiện tượng này dễ xảy ra khi tác dụng dập lửa (quenching) của điện cực quá mạnh, khi tốc độ dòng hỗn hợp quá cao, hoặc khi hỗn hợp quá loãng hay quá đậm. Làm điện cực giữa mảnh hơn thì tác dụng dập lửa giảm, khả năng phóng tia lửa và khả năng bắt cháy đều tăng. Bugi loại chỉ số nhiệt cao có diện tích bề mặt và khoang khí (gas pocket) nhỏ. Đáp án đúng là (1). Làm điện cực giữa mảnh hơn thì tác dụng dập lửa nhỏ đi, khả năng phóng tia lửa và khả năng bắt cháy đều tăng. 3 câu còn lại đều sai. Xem giải thích của từng lựa chọn để biết chỗ sai.

မြန်မာ

စပတ်ပလပ် (spark plug) နှင့် ပတ်သက်သော ဖော်ပြချက်အဖြစ် သင့်လျော်သည့်အချက်မှာ အောက်ပါတို့အနက် မည်သည်နည်း။

1. စပတ်ပလပ်၏ အလယ် လျှပ်ကူးချောင်း (center electrode) ကို သေးသွယ်အောင် ပြုလုပ်လျှင် မီးပွား ခုန်လွယ်မှု (spark performance) တက်လာပြီး မီးစွဲလွယ်မှု (ignitability) လည်း တက်လာသည်။
2. မီးမစွဲခြင်း (misfire) သည် မီးငြိမ်းစေသော အာနိသင် (quenching effect) အားနည်းလွန်းသောအခါ သို့မဟုတ် စုပ်ယူသော ရောစပ်လေ (air-fuel mixture) ၏ စီးနှုန်း နိမ့်လွန်းသောအခါ ဖြစ်လွယ်သည်။
3. လေ-ဆီအချိုး (air-fuel ratio) ကြီးလွန်း (ပါးလွန်း) သောအခါ မီးမစွဲခြင်း မဖြစ်သော်လည်း ဆန့်ကျင်ဘက်အားဖြင့် သေးလွန်း (ပျစ်လွန်း) သောအခါ လောင်ကျွမ်းမှု ချောမွေ့စွာ မဖြစ်သောကြောင့် မီးမစွဲခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။
4. အပူတန်ဖိုး မြင့် ပလပ် (high heat range plug) သည် အပူတန်ဖိုး နိမ့် ပလပ် (low heat range plug) နှင့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်လျှင် မီးတောက်နှင့် ထိတွေ့သော အပိုင်း၏ မျက်နှာပြင် ဧရိယာနှင့် ဂက်စ် ပေါ့ကက် (gas pocket) ၏ ထုထည်တို့ ပိုကြီးသည်။

Misfire ဆိုသည်မှာ spark ထွက်သော်လည်း air-fuel mixture မလောင်ကျွမ်းသော ဖြစ်စဉ် ဖြစ်သည်။ Electrode ၏ quenching effect အလွန်ပြင်းသောအခါ၊ air-fuel mixture ၏ စီးဆင်းမှုအမြန်နှုန်း အလွန်မြင့်သောအခါ၊ air-fuel mixture အလွန်ပါးသော်လည်းကောင်း အလွန်ပြစ်သော်လည်းကောင်း ဖြစ်လွယ်သည်။ Center electrode ကို သေးသွယ်စေလျှင် quenching effect လျော့ပြီး sparking performance နှင့် ignitability တိုးတက်သည်။ High heat-range type တွင် မျက်နှာပြင်ဧရိယာနှင့် gas pocket ငယ်သည်။ အဖြေမှန်မှာ (1) ဖြစ်သည်။ Center electrode ကို သေးသွယ်စေလျှင် quenching effect ငယ်သွားပြီး sparking performance ရော ignitability ပါ တိုးတက်သည်။ ကျန် 3 ခုမှာ မှားသည်။ ဘယ်နေရာ မှားသလဲဆိုတာ ရွေးချယ်စရာ တစ်ခုချင်းစီ၏ ရှင်းလင်းချက်ကို ကြည့်ပါ။

Bahasa Indonesia

Manakah pernyataan tentang busi berikut ini yang tepat?

1. Membuat elektroda tengah busi lebih tipis meningkatkan kinerja percikan api dan juga meningkatkan kemampuan penyalaan.
2. Salah pengapian (misfire) mudah terjadi bila aksi pemadaman api (quenching) terlalu lemah atau bila kecepatan aliran campuran masuk terlalu rendah.
3. Bila perbandingan udara-bahan bakar terlalu besar (terlalu miskin), misfire tidak terjadi, tetapi sebaliknya bila terlalu kecil (terlalu kaya), pembakaran tidak berjalan lancar sehingga terjadi misfire.
4. Dibandingkan busi bernilai panas rendah, busi bernilai panas tinggi memiliki luas permukaan bagian yang terkena api lebih besar dan volume gas pocket lebih besar.

English

Which of the following statements about batteries is inappropriate?

1. A hybrid battery uses a calcium (Ca)-lead alloy for the positive electrode and an antimony (Sb) alloy for the negative electrode.
2. A calcium battery uses calcium alloy for the electrodes (positive and negative) in order to improve maintenance-free (MF) characteristics.
3. Calcium batteries for idling-stop vehicles have improved durability against repeated deep charging and discharging.
4. A low-antimony battery has the advantage of low cost, but its MF characteristics are worse than those of a hybrid battery.

A question about battery types. Besides calcium (MF), charge control, idling stop, and valve regulated batteries, the electrode materials of hybrid batteries and low antimony batteries are also asked. The correct answer is (1). "Positive plate calcium, negative plate antimony" is wrong. It is the opposite. A hybrid battery uses antimony alloy for the positive plate and calcium alloy for the negative plate. The other three are correct.

नेपाली

battery सम्बन्धी कथनहरूमध्ये 【अनुपयुक्त】 कुन हो?

1. hybrid battery मा positive electrode मा calcium (Ca) lead alloy, र negative electrode मा antimony (Sb) lead alloy प्रयोग गरिन्छ।
2. calcium battery मा maintenance-free (MF) characteristics सुधार्न electrode (positive electrode र negative electrode) मा lead-calcium alloy प्रयोग गरिन्छ।
3. idling stop सवारीका लागि calcium battery ले गहिरो charge-discharge बारम्बार हुँदा पनि टिक्ने क्षमता बढाएको हुन्छ।
4. low-antimony battery को फाइदा कम लागत हो, तर MF characteristics, hybrid battery को तुलनामा खराब हुन्छ।

battery का प्रकारको प्रश्न। calcium (MF), charge control को लागि, idling stop को लागि, valve regulated type का साथै hybrid battery र low-antimony battery को electrode material पनि सोधिन्छ। सही उत्तर (1) हो। 'positive electrode मा calcium, negative electrode मा antimony' गलत हो (【अनुपयुक्त】), यो उल्टो हो। hybrid battery मा positive electrode मा antimony alloy र negative electrode मा calcium alloy प्रयोग हुन्छ। अरू 3 वटा सही वाक्य हुन्।

中文

关于蓄电池的叙述中，不适当的是下列哪一项？

1. 混合型蓄电池正极使用钙(Ca)铅合金，负极使用锑(Sb)合金。
2. 钙蓄电池为提高免维护(MF)特性，电极（正极、负极）使用钙合金。
3. 怠速停止车辆用钙蓄电池，提高了对反复深度充放电的耐久性。
4. 低锑蓄电池的优点是成本低，但MF特性比混合型蓄电池差。

本题选【不恰当】的说法。这是蓄电池种类的问题。除了钙（免维护，MF）蓄电池、充电控制用、怠速启停用、阀控式以外，还会问混合式（hybrid）蓄电池和低锑蓄电池的电极材料。正确答案是(1)。“正极用钙，负极用锑”是错误的，正好相反。混合式蓄电池正极用锑合金，负极用钙合金。另外3个是正确的说法。

සිංහල

battery පිළිබඳ ප්‍රකාශ අතරින් 【සුදුසු නොවන】 එක කුමක්ද?

1. hybrid battery එකේ positive electrode සඳහා calcium (Ca) lead alloy, negative electrode සඳහා antimony (Sb) lead alloy භාවිත කරයි.
2. calcium battery එක, maintenance-free (MF) characteristics වැඩි දියුණු කිරීම සඳහා electrode (positive・negative) වලට lead-calcium alloy භාවිත කරයි.
3. idling stop වාහන සඳහා calcium battery, ගැඹුරු charge සහ discharge නැවත නැවත සිදු වීමට ඔරොත්තු දීමේ හැකියාව වැඩි කර ඇත.
4. low-antimony battery හි වාසිය අඩු පිරිවැයයි; නමුත් MF characteristics, hybrid battery වලට වඩා නරකය.

battery වර්ග පිළිබඳ ප්‍රශ්නය. calcium (MF), charge control සඳහා, idling stop සඳහා සහ control valve type යන ඒවාට අමතරව, hybrid battery සහ low-antimony battery වල electrode ද්‍රව්‍යද ප්‍රශ්නවලට එයි. නිවැරදි පිළිතුර (1) වේ. 「positive electrode calcium, negative electrode antimony」 යන්න වැරදියි, එය ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධයයි. hybrid battery එක positive electrode එකට antimony alloy, negative electrode එකට calcium alloy භාවිත කරයි. අනෙක් 3 නිවැරදි වාක්‍ය වේ.

Tiếng Việt

Về ắc quy (battery), câu nào sau đây là KHÔNG phù hợp?

1. Ắc quy hybrid (hybrid battery) dùng hợp kim chì - canxi (Ca) cho cực dương, và hợp kim chì - antimon (Sb) cho cực âm.
2. Ắc quy canxi (calcium battery) dùng hợp kim chì - canxi cho các điện cực (cực dương và cực âm) để nâng cao đặc tính không cần bảo dưỡng (MF: maintenance free).
3. Ắc quy canxi (calcium battery) dùng cho xe có chức năng dừng không tải (idling stop) được nâng cao độ bền đối với việc nạp - phóng điện sâu lặp đi lặp lại.
4. Ắc quy antimon thấp (low-antimony battery) có ưu điểm là giá thành thấp, nhưng đặc tính MF kém hơn so với ắc quy hybrid.

Câu hỏi về các loại ắc quy. Ngoài loại canxi (MF), loại dùng cho điều khiển sạc, loại cho xe ngắt máy khi dừng (idling stop), loại van điều áp, còn hỏi cả vật liệu bản cực của ắc quy hybrid và ắc quy antimon thấp. Đáp án đúng là (1). "Cực dương canxi, cực âm antimon" là sai, thực tế là ngược lại. Ắc quy hybrid dùng hợp kim antimon cho cực dương và hợp kim canxi cho cực âm. Ba câu còn lại là câu đúng.

မြန်မာ

ဘက်ထရီ (battery) နှင့် ပတ်သက်သော ဖော်ပြချက်အဖြစ် 【မသင့်လျော်သည့်】အချက်မှာ အောက်ပါတို့အနက် မည်သည်နည်း။

1. ဟိုက်ဘရစ် ဘက်ထရီ (hybrid battery) သည် အပေါင်းလျှပ်ကူးပြား (positive electrode) တွင် ကယ်လ်စီယမ် (Ca)–ခဲ သတ္တုစပ် (calcium-lead alloy) ကို၊ အနုတ်လျှပ်ကူးပြား (negative electrode) တွင် အန်တီမိုနီ (Sb)–ခဲ သတ္တုစပ် (antimony-lead alloy) ကို အသုံးပြုသည်။
2. ကယ်လ်စီယမ် ဘက်ထရီ (calcium battery) သည် ပြုပြင်ထိန်းသိမ်းမှု မလိုခြင်း (maintenance-free, MF) ဂုဏ်သတ္တိကို မြှင့်တင်ရန် လျှပ်ကူးပြား (electrode) (အပေါင်းနှင့် အနုတ်) တွင် ကယ်လ်စီယမ်–ခဲ သတ္တုစပ်ကို အသုံးပြုသည်။
3. အိုင်ဒယ်လင် ရပ်စနစ် (idling stop) ပါ ယာဉ်အတွက် ကယ်လ်စီယမ် ဘက်ထရီသည် နက်ရှိုင်းစွာ အားသွင်းခြင်းနှင့် အားထုတ်ခြင်း (deep charge and discharge) ကို ထပ်ခါထပ်ခါ ပြုလုပ်ရာတွင် ခံနိုင်ရည် (durability) ကို မြှင့်တင်ထားသည်။
4. အန်တီမိုနီ နည်း ဘက်ထရီ (low-antimony battery) သည် ကုန်ကျစရိတ် နည်းခြင်းက အားသာချက် ဖြစ်သော်လည်း MF ဂုဏ်သတ္တိမှာ ဟိုက်ဘရစ် ဘက်ထရီထက် ညံ့သည်။

battery အမျိုးအစား မေးခွန်း။ calcium (MF)၊ charge control အတွက်၊ idling stop အတွက်၊ control valve type တို့အပြင် hybrid battery နှင့် low-antimony battery ၏ electrode ပစ္စည်းကိုလည်း မေးသည်။ အဖြေမှန်မှာ (1) ဖြစ်သည်။ "positive electrode calcium၊ negative electrode antimony" ဆိုသည်မှာ မှားပြီး ပြောင်းပြန် ဖြစ်သည်။ hybrid battery သည် positive electrode တွင် antimony alloy ကို၊ negative electrode တွင် calcium alloy ကို အသုံးပြုသည်။ ကျန် 3 ခုမှာ မှန်သော စာကြောင်းများ ဖြစ်သည်။

Bahasa Indonesia

Manakah pernyataan tentang baterai (aki) berikut ini yang tidak tepat?

1. Baterai hybrid menggunakan paduan kalsium (Ca)-timbal untuk elektroda positif dan paduan antimon (Sb) untuk elektroda negatif.
2. Baterai kalsium menggunakan paduan kalsium untuk elektroda (positif dan negatif) untuk meningkatkan sifat bebas perawatan (MF).
3. Baterai kalsium untuk kendaraan idling stop memiliki ketahanan yang ditingkatkan terhadap pengisian dan pengosongan dalam (deep) yang berulang.
4. Baterai antimon rendah memiliki keunggulan biaya rendah, tetapi sifat MF-nya lebih buruk daripada baterai hybrid.

English

Which of the following statements about measures to reduce NOx is appropriate?

1. Improve the shape of the intake manifold to make the distribution of the air-fuel mixture to each cylinder uniform.
2. Raise the maximum combustion gas temperature by accurately performing air-fuel ratio control and ignition timing control according to the engine operating conditions.
3. Lower the maximum combustion gas temperature by improving the shape of the combustion chamber and lengthening the combustion time.
4. Using an EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) system or a variable valve mechanism, introduce only a certain amount of inert exhaust gas into the intake side to lower the maximum combustion gas temperature.

NOx increases as the combustion gas temperature gets higher. All NOx reduction measures either 'lower the maximum combustion gas temperature' or 'reduce NOx with a three-way catalyst'. Do not mix them up with measures for CO and HC. The correct answer is (4). EGR or a variable valve mechanism brings a set amount of inert exhaust gas into the intake side and lowers the maximum combustion gas temperature. The other three are wrong. See the explanation for each choice to find what is wrong.

नेपाली

NOx घटाउने उपाय सम्बन्धी कथनहरूमध्ये उपयुक्त कुन हो?

1. intake manifold को आकार सुधार गरेर हरेक cylinder मा air-fuel mixture distribution एकनास बनाउने।
2. engine चलेको अवस्था अनुसार air-fuel ratio control र ignition timing control ठीकसँग गरेर maximum combustion gas temperature बढाउने।
3. combustion chamber को आकार सुधार गरी combustion time लामो बनाएर maximum combustion gas temperature घटाउने।
4. EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) system वा variable valve mechanism प्रयोग गरेर निष्क्रिय (inert) exhaust gas लाई निश्चित मात्रामा मात्र intake तर्फ पठाई maximum combustion gas temperature घटाउने।

NOx दहन ग्यासको तापक्रम जति उच्च, त्यति बढी बन्छ। NOx घटाउने सबै उपाय “अधिकतम दहन ग्यास तापक्रम घटाउने” वा “थ्री-वे क्याटालिस्ट (three-way catalyst) ले रिडक्सन गर्ने” हुन्। CO र HC का उपायसँग नमिसाउनुहोस्। सही उत्तर (4) हो। EGR वा भेरिएबल भल्भ मेकानिजमले निष्क्रिय (inert) निकास ग्यास निश्चित मात्रामा इन्टेकतर्फ पठाएर अधिकतम दहन ग्यास तापक्रम घटाउँछ। बाँकी 3 वटा गलत छन्। कहाँ गलत छ भन्ने कुरा हरेक विकल्पको व्याख्यामा हेर्नुहोस्।

中文

关于降低NOx措施的叙述中，适当的是下列哪一项？

1. 改进进气歧管的形状，力求使向各气缸分配的混合气均匀化。
2. 通过准确进行与发动机运转状况相对应的空燃比控制及点火正时控制，提高最高燃烧气体温度。
3. 改进燃烧室的形状，通过延长燃烧时间来降低最高燃烧气体温度。
4. 使用EGR（排气再循环）装置或可变气门机构，将一定量惰性的排气导入进气侧，降低最高燃烧气体温度。

燃烧气体温度越高，NOx越多。降低NOx的方法都是“降低最高燃烧气体温度”或“用三元催化器还原”。不要和CO、HC的对策混在一起。正确答案是(4)。用EGR或可变气门机构把一定量不活泼的排气引入进气侧，降低最高燃烧气体温度。其他3个是错误的。错在哪里，请看各选项的说明。

සිංහල

NOx අඩු කිරීමේ ක්‍රම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රකාශ අතරින් සුදුසු එක කුමක්ද?

1. intake manifold හැඩය වැඩි දියුණු කර, එක් එක් cylinder වෙත air-fuel mixture distribution ඒකාකාර කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරයි.
2. engine ක්‍රියාකාරී තත්ත්වයට ගැළපෙන air-fuel ratio control සහ ignition timing control නිවැරදිව සිදු කිරීමෙන්, maximum combustion gas temperature ඉහළ නංවයි.
3. combustion chamber හැඩය වැඩි දියුණු කර, combustion time දිගු කිරීමෙන් maximum combustion gas temperature අඩු කරයි.
4. EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) system හෝ variable valve mechanism භාවිත කර, අක්‍රිය exhaust gas නියත ප්‍රමාණයක් පමණක් intake පැත්තට ඇතුළු කර maximum combustion gas temperature අඩු කරයි.

NOx, combustion gas temperature වැඩි වන තරමට වැඩි වේ. අඩු කිරීමේ ක්‍රම සියල්ල ‘maximum combustion gas temperature අඩු කිරීම’ හෝ ‘three-way catalyst මගින් reduction කිරීම’ වේ. CO, HC සඳහා ක්‍රම සමඟ පටලවා නොගන්න. නිවැරදි පිළිතුර (4) වේ. EGR හෝ variable valve mechanism මගින් අක්‍රිය exhaust gas නියමිත ප්‍රමාණයක් intake පැත්තට ඇතුළු කර maximum combustion gas temperature අඩු කරයි. අනෙක් 3 වැරදියි. වෙනස කොතැනද යන්න එක් එක් choice එකේ පැහැදිලි කිරීම බලන්න.

Tiếng Việt

Về biện pháp giảm NOx, câu nào sau đây là phù hợp?

1. Cải tiến hình dạng đường ống nạp (intake manifold) để phân phối hỗn hợp đều cho các xi lanh.
2. Điều khiển chính xác tỷ lệ không khí - nhiên liệu và thời điểm đánh lửa theo tình trạng vận hành của động cơ, để làm tăng nhiệt độ cao nhất của khí cháy.
3. Cải tiến hình dạng buồng đốt, kéo dài thời gian cháy để làm giảm nhiệt độ cao nhất của khí cháy.
4. Dùng hệ thống EGR (tuần hoàn khí xả) hoặc cơ cấu xu páp biến thiên để đưa một lượng nhất định khí xả trơ vào phía nạp, làm giảm nhiệt độ cao nhất của khí cháy.

Nhiệt độ khí cháy càng cao thì NOx càng tăng. Các biện pháp giảm NOx đều là “giảm nhiệt độ khí cháy cao nhất” hoặc “khử bằng bộ xúc tác ba thành phần”. Đừng nhầm với các biện pháp giảm CO và HC. Đáp án đúng là (4). Dùng EGR hoặc cơ cấu xu páp biến thiên để đưa một lượng nhất định khí xả trơ vào phía nạp, làm giảm nhiệt độ khí cháy cao nhất. Ba câu còn lại đều sai. Xem phần giải thích từng lựa chọn để biết sai ở chỗ nào.

မြန်မာ

NOx လျှော့ချရေး နည်းလမ်းများ (NOx reduction measures) နှင့် ပတ်သက်သော ဖော်ပြချက်အဖြစ် သင့်လျော်သည့်အချက်မှာ အောက်ပါတို့အနက် မည်သည်နည်း။

1. အင်တိတ် မန်နီဖိုး (intake manifold) ၏ ပုံသဏ္ဌာန်ကို ပြုပြင်၍ ဆလင်ဒါ တစ်ခုစီသို့ ရောစပ်လေ (air-fuel mixture) ခွဲဝေမှုကို ညီညာအောင် ပြုလုပ်သည်။
2. အင်ဂျင်၏ လည်ပတ်မှု အခြေအနေနှင့် ကိုက်ညီသော လေ-လောင်စာ အချိုး ထိန်းချုပ်မှု (air-fuel ratio control) နှင့် မီးပွင့်ချိန် ထိန်းချုပ်မှု (ignition timing control) ကို တိကျစွာ ပြုလုပ်ခြင်းဖြင့် အမြင့်ဆုံး လောင်ကျွမ်းဓာတ်ငွေ့ အပူချိန်ကို မြှင့်သည်။
3. လောင်ကျွမ်းခန်း (combustion chamber) ၏ ပုံသဏ္ဌာန်ကို ပြုပြင်ပြီး လောင်ကျွမ်းချိန်ကို ရှည်စေခြင်းဖြင့် အမြင့်ဆုံး လောင်ကျွမ်းဓာတ်ငွေ့ အပူချိန်ကို လျှော့ချသည်။
4. EGR (exhaust gas recirculation၊ အိတ်ဇောဓာတ်ငွေ့ ပြန်လည်လှည့်ပတ်) ကိရိယာ သို့မဟုတ် ပြောင်းလဲနိုင်သော အဆို့ရှင် ယန္တရား (variable valve mechanism) ကို အသုံးပြု၍ ဓာတ်မပြုလွယ်သော (inert) အိတ်ဇောဓာတ်ငွေ့ကို သတ်မှတ်ပမာဏအတိုင်း လေစုပ်ဘက်သို့ ပြန်သွင်းပြီး အမြင့်ဆုံး လောင်ကျွမ်းဓာတ်ငွေ့ အပူချိန်ကို လျှော့ချသည်။

NOx သည် လောင်ကျွမ်းဓာတ်ငွေ့ အပူချိန် မြင့်လေ များလေ ဖြစ်သည်။ လျှော့ချနည်း အားလုံးမှာ “အမြင့်ဆုံး လောင်ကျွမ်းဓာတ်ငွေ့ အပူချိန်ကို လျှော့ချခြင်း” သို့မဟုတ် “သုံးလမ်းသွား ဓာတ်ကူပစ္စည်း (three-way catalyst) ဖြင့် ဓာတ်လျှော့ (reduce) ခြင်း” ဖြစ်သည်။ CO နှင့် HC လျှော့ချနည်းများနှင့် မရောပါနှင့်။ အဖြေမှန်မှာ (4) ဖြစ်သည်။ EGR သို့မဟုတ် ပြောင်းလဲနိုင်သော အဆို့ရှင် ယန္တရား (variable valve mechanism) ဖြင့် ဓာတ်မပြုသော (inert) အိတ်ဇောဓာတ်ငွေ့ကို သတ်မှတ်ထားသော ပမာဏ စုပ်လေဘက်သို့ ပြန်ထည့်ပြီး အမြင့်ဆုံး လောင်ကျွမ်းဓာတ်ငွေ့ အပူချိန်ကို လျှော့ချသည်။ ကျန် 3 ခုမှာ မှားသည်။ မည်သည့်နေရာ မှားသည်ကို ရွေးချယ်စရာ တစ်ခုချင်းစီ၏ ရှင်းလင်းချက်တွင် ကြည့်ပါ။

Bahasa Indonesia

Manakah pernyataan tentang upaya mengurangi NOx berikut ini yang tepat?

1. Memperbaiki bentuk intake manifold agar pembagian campuran udara-bahan bakar ke tiap silinder merata.
2. Menaikkan suhu maksimum gas pembakaran dengan melakukan kontrol perbandingan udara-bahan bakar dan kontrol saat pengapian secara akurat sesuai kondisi kerja mesin.
3. Menurunkan suhu maksimum gas pembakaran dengan memperbaiki bentuk ruang bakar dan memperpanjang waktu pembakaran.
4. Dengan sistem EGR (resirkulasi gas buang) atau mekanisme katup variabel, memasukkan gas buang inert dalam jumlah tertentu saja ke sisi masuk untuk menurunkan suhu maksimum gas pembakaran.

English

Which of the following statements about a hydraulic variable valve timing mechanism used on the intake side is appropriate?

1. When retarded, the closing timing of the intake valve is made earlier to increase volumetric efficiency at high engine speed.
2. When advanced, the opening timing of the intake valve becomes earlier, so the amount of overlap increases and volumetric efficiency at medium engine speed becomes higher.
3. When the engine is stopped, it is locked in the most advanced position by the lock device.
4. By hydraulic control, the valve operating angle is changed while the cam phase stays constant, changing the opening and closing timing of the intake valve.

A hydraulic variable valve timing mechanism changes the cam phase to change the opening and closing timing of the intake valve. Advance = the valve opens earlier → more overlap → higher volumetric efficiency at medium speed. Retard = less overlap → stable idling, and the valve closes later → higher volumetric efficiency at high speed. When the engine stops, it is locked at the most retarded position. The correct answer is (2). When advanced, the intake valve opens earlier, so the overlap increases and the volumetric efficiency at medium engine speed becomes higher. The other three are wrong. See the explanation for each choice to find what is wrong.

नेपाली

intake तर्फ प्रयोग हुने hydraulic variable valve timing mechanism सम्बन्धी कथनहरूमध्ये उपयुक्त कुन हो?

1. retard गर्दा, intake valve बन्द हुने समय छिटो बनाएर high-speed rotation मा volumetric efficiency बढाइन्छ।
2. advance गर्दा, intake valve खुल्ने समय छिटो हुन्छ, त्यसैले valve overlap amount बढ्छ र मध्यम गतिमा volumetric efficiency बढ्छ।
3. engine बन्द हुँदा, lock mechanism ले सबैभन्दा advance भएको अवस्थामा स्थिर (fix) राख्छ।
4. hydraulic control ले cam phase उस्तै राख्दै valve को operating angle बदलेर intake valve खुल्ने र बन्द हुने समय बदल्छ।

तेल दबाब (hydraulic) प्रकारको परिवर्तनशील भल्भ टाइमिङ संयन्त्रले क्यामको फेज (phase) बदलेर इन्टेक भल्भ खुल्ने-बन्द हुने समय बदल्छ। एड्भान्स (advance) = खुल्ने समय चाँडो → ओभरल्याप बढ्छ → मध्यम गतिमा आयतनिक दक्षता बढ्छ। रिटार्ड (retard) = ओभरल्याप घट्छ → आइडलिङ स्थिर हुन्छ। साथै बन्द हुने समय ढिलो हुन्छ → उच्च गतिमा आयतनिक दक्षता बढ्छ। इन्जिन रोकिँदा सबैभन्दा रिटार्ड अवस्थामा लक हुन्छ। सही उत्तर (2) हो। एड्भान्स गर्दा इन्टेक भल्भ खुल्ने समय चाँडो हुन्छ। ओभरल्याप बढ्छ र मध्यम गतिमा आयतनिक दक्षता बढ्छ। बाँकी 3 वटा गलत छन्। कुन भाग गलत छ भन्ने कुरा हरेक विकल्पको व्याख्यामा हेर्नुहोस्।

中文

关于用于进气侧的液压式可变气门正时机构的叙述，以下哪一项是恰当的？

1. 推迟时，使进气门的关闭时刻提前，以提高高速运转时的容积效率。
2. 提前时，进气门的开启时刻提前，因此气门重叠量增大，中速运转时的容积效率提高。
3. 发动机停止时，由锁止装置固定在最提前状态。
4. 通过液压控制，在凸轮相位保持不变的情况下改变气门的工作角，从而改变进气门的开闭时刻。

液压式可变气门正时机构通过改变凸轮相位来改变进气门的开闭时刻。提前＝打开时刻早 → 气门重叠增加 → 中速时容积效率提高。延迟＝气门重叠减少 → 怠速稳定；关闭时刻晚 → 高速时容积效率提高。停机时锁定在最延迟位置。正确答案是(2)。提前时进气门打开时刻变早，气门重叠增加，中速时容积效率提高。其他3个是错误的。错在哪里，请看各选项的说明。

සිංහල

intake පැත්තේ භාවිත කරන hydraulic variable valve timing mechanism පිළිබඳ ප්‍රකාශ අතරින්, සුදුසු එක කුමක්ද?

1. retard කරන විට, intake valve එක වැසෙන කාලය ඉක්මන් කර, high-speed rotation අවස්ථාවේ volumetric efficiency වැඩි කරයි.
2. advance කරන විට, intake valve එක විවෘත වන කාලය ඉක්මන් වන නිසා valve overlap ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි වී, medium-speed rotation අවස්ථාවේ volumetric efficiency වැඩි වේ.
3. engine එක නතර වූ විට, lock mechanism එකෙන් උපරිම advance තත්ත්වයේ අචල කරයි.
4. hydraulic control මගින් cam phase එක නොවෙනස්ව තබාගෙන, valve operating angle එක වෙනස් කර intake valve එක විවෘත/වැසෙන කාලය වෙනස් කරයි.

hydraulic variable valve timing mechanism, cam phase වෙනස් කර intake valve විවෘත වන සහ වැසෙන කාලය වෙනස් කරයි. advance = විවෘත වීම කලින් → valve overlap වැඩි → මධ්‍යම වේගයේ volumetric efficiency වැඩි. retard = overlap අඩු → idle ස්ථායී; වැසීම ප්‍රමාද → ඉහළ වේගයේ volumetric efficiency වැඩි. නැවැත්වූ විට උපරිම retard ස්ථානයේ lock වේ. නිවැරදි පිළිතුර (2) වේ. advance විට intake valve විවෘත වීම කලින් වී, overlap වැඩි වී මධ්‍යම වේගයේ volumetric efficiency වැඩි වේ. අනෙක් 3 වැරදි ය. වෙනස කොතැනදැයි එක් එක් විකල්පයේ පැහැදිලි කිරීම බලන්න.

Tiếng Việt

Về cơ cấu thay đổi thời điểm phối khí (variable valve timing) kiểu thủy lực dùng ở phía nạp, câu nào sau đây là phù hợp?

1. Khi làm muộn (retard), thời điểm đóng xupap nạp được làm sớm hơn để tăng hiệu suất thể tích khi quay ở tốc độ cao.
2. Khi làm sớm (advance), thời điểm mở xupap nạp sớm hơn, nên độ trùng điệp xupap (overlap) tăng, và hiệu suất thể tích ở tốc độ trung bình tăng.
3. Khi động cơ dừng, cơ cấu được cơ cấu khóa (lock) giữ cố định ở vị trí sớm nhất.
4. Nhờ điều khiển thủy lực, giữ nguyên pha của cam nhưng thay đổi góc làm việc của xupap, từ đó thay đổi thời điểm đóng mở xupap nạp.

Cơ cấu thay đổi thời điểm phối khí kiểu thủy lực (VVT) thay đổi pha của cam để thay đổi thời điểm mở và đóng của xu páp nạp. Làm sớm (advance) = xu páp mở sớm hơn → độ trùng điệp (overlap) tăng → hiệu suất thể tích ở tốc độ trung bình tăng. Làm trễ (retard) = độ trùng điệp giảm → chạy không tải ổn định; xu páp đóng muộn hơn → hiệu suất thể tích ở tốc độ cao tăng. Khi động cơ dừng, cơ cấu được khóa ở vị trí trễ nhất. Đáp án đúng là (2). Khi làm sớm, xu páp nạp mở sớm hơn, độ trùng điệp tăng nên hiệu suất thể tích ở tốc độ trung bình cao hơn. 3 câu còn lại sai. Xem giải thích của từng lựa chọn để biết sai ở đâu.

မြန်မာ

အင်တိတ်ဘက် (intake side) တွင် အသုံးပြုသော ဆီဖိအားဖြင့် လုပ်ဆောင်သော (hydraulic) ပြောင်းလဲနိုင်သော ဗားလ်ဗ် အချိန်ကိုက် ယန္တရား (variable valve timing mechanism) နှင့် ပတ်သက်သော ဖော်ပြချက်အဖြစ် သင့်လျော်သည့်အချက်မှာ အောက်ပါတို့အနက် မည်သည်နည်း။

1. နောက်ကျစေသည့်အခါ (retard) အင်တိတ် ဗားလ်ဗ် (intake valve) ပိတ်ချိန်ကို စောစေပြီး အမြန်နှုန်းမြင့် လည်ပတ်ချိန်၏ ထုထည် ထိရောက်မှု (volumetric efficiency) ကို မြှင့်ပေးသည်။
2. စောစေသည့်အခါ (advance) အင်တိတ် ဗားလ်ဗ် ပွင့်ချိန် စောလာသဖြင့် အိုဗာလက် (overlap) ပမာဏ များလာပြီး အမြန်နှုန်း အလယ်အလတ် လည်ပတ်ချိန်၏ ထုထည် ထိရောက်မှု မြင့်လာသည်။
3. အင်ဂျင် ရပ်ထားချိန်တွင် လော့ခ် ကိရိယာ (lock device) ဖြင့် အစောဆုံး (most advanced) အနေအထားတွင် ပုံသေ ချိတ်ထားသည်။
4. ဆီဖိအား ထိန်းချုပ်မှုဖြင့် ကမ် (cam) ၏ အဆင့် (phase) ကို မပြောင်းဘဲ ဗားလ်ဗ်၏ လုပ်ဆောင်ထောင့် (operating angle) ကို ပြောင်း၍ အင်တိတ် ဗားလ်ဗ်၏ ဖွင့်ချိန်-ပိတ်ချိန်ကို ပြောင်းလဲပေးသည်။

ဆီဖိအားသုံး (hydraulic) ပြောင်းလဲနိုင်သော ဗားလ်ဗ် အချိန်ကိုက် ယန္တရား (variable valve timing mechanism) သည် ကမ် (cam) ၏ အဆင့် (phase) ကို ပြောင်း၍ အင်တိတ် ဗားလ်ဗ် (intake valve) ၏ ဖွင့်ချိန်-ပိတ်ချိန်ကို ပြောင်းသည်။ စောစေခြင်း (advance) ＝ ပွင့်ချိန် စော → အိုဗာလက် (overlap) တိုး → အမြန်နှုန်း အလယ်အလတ်တွင် ထုထည် ထိရောက်မှု (volumetric efficiency) မြင့်။ နောက်ကျစေခြင်း (retard) ＝ အိုဗာလက် လျော့ → အိုင်ဒယ် (idle) တည်ငြိမ်၊ ပိတ်ချိန် နောက်ကျ → အမြန်နှုန်းမြင့်တွင် ထုထည် ထိရောက်မှု မြင့်။ ရပ်ထားချိန်တွင် အနောက်ကျဆုံး (most retarded) အနေအထား၌ လော့ခ် ချထားသည်။ အဖြေမှန်မှာ (2) ဖြစ်သည်။ စောစေသည့်အခါ အင်တိတ် ဗားလ်ဗ် ပွင့်ချိန် စောလာပြီး အိုဗာလက် တိုးလာသဖြင့် အမြန်နှုန်း အလယ်အလတ် လည်ပတ်ချိန်၏ ထုထည် ထိရောက်မှု မြင့်လာသည်။ ကျန် 3 ခုမှာ မှားသည်။ မည်သည့်နေရာ မှားသည်ကို ရွေးချယ်စရာ တစ်ခုချင်းစီ၏ ရှင်းလင်းချက်တွင် ကြည့်ပါ။

Bahasa Indonesia

Manakah pernyataan berikut ini tentang mekanisme variable valve timing tipe hidraulis yang dipakai pada sisi isap yang tepat?

1. Saat retard (diperlambat), waktu menutup katup isap dibuat lebih awal untuk menaikkan efisiensi volumetrik pada putaran mesin tinggi.
2. Saat advance (dimajukan), waktu membuka katup isap menjadi lebih awal, sehingga jumlah overlap bertambah dan efisiensi volumetrik pada putaran mesin menengah menjadi lebih tinggi.
3. Saat mesin berhenti, mekanisme dikunci pada posisi paling maju (most advanced) oleh alat pengunci.
4. Dengan kontrol hidraulis, sudut kerja katup diubah sementara fase cam tetap, sehingga waktu buka dan tutup katup isap berubah.

English

Which of the following statements about the superchargers (forced induction devices) in the intake and exhaust system is appropriate?

1. Generally, the peripheral speed of the shaft used in a turbocharger is about half the peripheral speed of the full-floating bearing.
2. A Roots-type supercharger is equipped with an air bypass valve that, when the boost pressure rises and exceeds the specified value, releases part of the boost pressure to the exhaust side and controls the boost pressure to the specified value.
3. In a two-lobe Roots-type supercharger, intake and discharge are performed once per rotor revolution.
4. As characteristics of the turbocharger, it is small and light with a high degree of freedom in mounting position, but it tends to have a delay in building up from the low-speed range where exhaust energy is small.

Superchargers. A turbocharger turns the turbine with exhaust gas, and its response is slow in the low speed range. A Roots type supercharger with two-lobe rotors does intake and discharge 4 times per rotor rotation. The air bypass valve releases part of the boost pressure to the intake side. The peripheral speed of a full floating bearing is about half that of the shaft. The correct answer is (4). A turbocharger can be mounted in many places and is small and light, but its response tends to be slow in the low speed range, where exhaust energy is small. The other three are wrong. See the explanation for each choice to find the difference.

नेपाली

intake and exhaust system को forced-induction device सम्बन्धी कथनमध्ये उपयुक्त कुन हो?

1. सामान्यतया turbocharger मा प्रयोग हुने shaft को peripheral speed, full-floating bearing को peripheral speed को लगभग आधा हुन्छ।
2. Roots-type supercharger मा boost pressure बढेर specified value भन्दा माथि पुगेमा, boost pressure को केही भाग exhaust तर्फ पठाएर boost pressure लाई specified value मा नियन्त्रण गर्ने air bypass valve राखिएको हुन्छ।
3. two-lobe Roots supercharger मा rotor को 1 rotation मा 1 पटक suction र discharge हुन्छ।
4. turbocharger को विशेषता: सानो र हलुका भएकाले जडान गर्ने ठाउँ छान्न सजिलो हुन्छ, तर exhaust energy कम हुने low-speed rotation क्षेत्रबाट response ढिलो हुन सजिलो हुन्छ।

forced-induction device। turbo ले exhaust ले turbine घुमाउँछ, र low speed क्षेत्रमा प्रतिक्रिया ढिलो हुन्छ। Roots-type supercharger मा 2-lobe rotor हुन्छ र rotor को 1 घुमाइमा 4 पटक हावा तान्ने र फाल्ने काम हुन्छ। air bypass valve ले boost pressure को केही भाग intake तर्फ छोड्छ। full-floating bearing को peripheral speed, shaft को लगभग आधा हुन्छ। सही उत्तर (4) हो। turbocharger जडान गर्ने स्वतन्त्रता धेरै भएको, सानो र हल्का छ, तर exhaust energy कम हुने कम गतिमा response ढिलो हुन सक्छ। अरू 3 वटा गलत छन्। कहाँ फरक छ भनेर हरेक विकल्पको व्याख्या हेर्नुहोस्।

中文

关于进排气装置中增压器的叙述中，适当的是下列哪一项？

1. 一般涡轮增压器所用轴的圆周速度约为全浮式轴承圆周速度的一半。
2. 罗茨式机械增压器设有空气旁通阀，在增压压力升高超过规定值时，将部分增压压力泄放到排气侧，把增压压力控制在规定值。
3. 2叶罗茨式机械增压器，转子每转1圈进行1次吸入、排出。
4. 涡轮增压器的特点是小型轻量，安装位置的自由度高，但从排气能量小的低速区域起步时容易产生响应滞后。

增压器。涡轮增压器用排气驱动涡轮，在低速区起步响应慢。罗茨式机械增压器是双叶转子，转子每转1圈进行4次吸入和排出。空气旁通阀把一部分增压压力放回进气侧。全浮式轴承的圆周速度约为轴的一半。正确答案是(4)。涡轮增压器安装自由度高，小而轻，但在排气能量小的低转速区，增压容易滞后。另外3个是错误的。哪里不对，请看每个选项的说明。

සිංහල

intake and exhaust system එකේ forced-induction device පිළිබඳ ප්‍රකාශ අතරින් සුදුසු එක කුමක්ද?

1. සාමාන්‍යයෙන්, turbocharger එකේ භාවිත shaft එකේ peripheral speed, full-floating bearing එකේ peripheral speed එකෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් අඩකි.
2. Roots-type supercharger එකේ, boost pressure ඉහළ ගොස් specified value එක හෝ ඊට වැඩි වූ විට, boost pressure වලින් කොටසක් exhaust පැත්තට මුදා හැර boost pressure specified value එකට පාලනය කරන air bypass valve එකක් සකසා ඇත.
3. two-lobe Roots supercharger එකේ, rotor එක එක් වටයක් කැරකෙන විට intake සහ discharge 1 වතාවක් සිදු වේ.
4. turbocharger එකේ ලක්ෂණයක් ලෙස, කුඩා සහ සැහැල්ලු වන අතර සවි කරන ස්ථානය තෝරා ගැනීමේ නිදහස වැඩිය; නමුත් exhaust energy අඩු low-speed rotation පරාසයේ සිට ප්‍රතිචාරය (ඉහළ නැගීම) ප්‍රමාද වීමට පහසුය.

supercharging උපකරණ. turbo එක exhaust gas වලින් turbine එක කරකවයි, අඩු වේග පරාසයේදී ප්‍රතිචාරය (boost ඉහළ යාම) පමා වේ. roots type supercharger එකේ 2-lobe rotor ඇති අතර rotor එක 1 වටයකට intake සහ discharge 4 වතාවක් සිදු වේ. air bypass valve එක boost pressure එකෙන් කොටසක් intake පැත්තට පිට කරයි. full floating bearing එකේ peripheral speed එක shaft එකේ එකෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. නිවැරදි පිළිතුර (4) වේ. turbocharger එක සවි කරන ස්ථානය තෝරා ගැනීමේ නිදහස වැඩි, කුඩා සහ සැහැල්ලු වුවද, exhaust energy අඩු low-speed පරාසයේදී ප්‍රතිචාරය පමා වීමට පහසුයි. අනෙක් 3 වැරදියි. වෙනස කොතැනද යන්න එක් එක් choice එකේ පැහැදිලි කිරීම බලන්න.

Tiếng Việt

Về bộ tăng áp (bộ nạp khí cưỡng bức) của hệ thống nạp - xả, câu nào sau đây là phù hợp?

1. Thông thường, tốc độ vòng (tốc độ chu vi) của trục dùng trong turbo tăng áp (turbocharger) bằng khoảng một nửa tốc độ vòng của ổ đỡ bơi hoàn toàn (full floating bearing).
2. Ở máy tăng áp cơ khí (supercharger) kiểu Roots, có van bypass khí (air bypass valve): khi áp suất tăng áp cao lên vượt quá giá trị quy định, van xả một phần áp suất tăng áp sang phía xả để giữ áp suất tăng áp ở giá trị quy định.
3. Ở máy tăng áp cơ khí kiểu Roots 2 cánh, mỗi vòng quay của rotor thực hiện hút và đẩy 1 lần.
4. Đặc điểm của turbo tăng áp là nhỏ gọn, nhẹ và dễ chọn vị trí lắp, nhưng dễ bị chậm khi bắt đầu tăng áp từ vùng tốc độ thấp, nơi năng lượng khí xả nhỏ.

Bộ tăng áp. Turbo dùng khí xả quay tua bin, ở vùng tốc độ thấp thì đáp ứng chậm. Máy nén Roots (supercharger) có rô to 2 cánh, mỗi vòng quay rô to hút và đẩy 4 lần. Van rẽ nhánh khí xả một phần áp suất tăng áp về phía nạp. Tốc độ vòng của ổ đỡ bơi hoàn toàn (full floating bearing) bằng khoảng một nửa của trục. Đáp án đúng là (4). Turbo có vị trí lắp linh hoạt, nhỏ gọn và nhẹ, nhưng ở vùng tốc độ thấp năng lượng khí xả nhỏ nên dễ đáp ứng chậm. Ba câu còn lại sai. Chỗ khác nhau xem phần giải thích từng lựa chọn.

မြန်မာ

လေဝင်-လေထွက် စနစ် (intake and exhaust system) ရှိ လေဖိသွင်းစက် (forced induction device) နှင့် ပတ်သက်သော ဖော်ပြချက်အဖြစ် သင့်လျော်သည့်အချက်မှာ အောက်ပါတို့အနက် မည်သည်နည်း။

1. ယေဘုယျအားဖြင့် တာဘိုချာဂျာ (turbocharger) တွင် အသုံးပြုသော ဝင်ရိုး (shaft) ၏ အဝန်းအမြန်နှုန်း (peripheral speed) သည် ဖူးလ်ဖလိုတင်း ဘယ်ရင် (full-floating bearing) ၏ အဝန်းအမြန်နှုန်း၏ တစ်ဝက်ခန့် ဖြစ်သည်။
2. ရုတ်စ် အမျိုးအစား (Roots type) ဆူပါချာဂျာ (supercharger) တွင် ဘူစ့်ဖိအား (boost pressure) မြင့်လာပြီး သတ်မှတ်တန်ဖိုးထက် ကျော်လာသောအခါ ဘူစ့်ဖိအား၏ တစ်စိတ်တစ်ပိုင်းကို အိတ်ဇောဘက်သို့ လွှတ်ပေးကာ ဘူစ့်ဖိအားကို သတ်မှတ်တန်ဖိုးတွင် ထိန်းချုပ်သော လေရှောင်လမ်း ဗားလ် (air bypass valve) ကို တပ်ဆင်ထားသည်။
3. ရွက် 2 ခုပါ ရုတ်စ် အမျိုးအစား (2-lobe Roots type) ဆူပါချာဂျာတွင် ရိုတာ (rotor) 1 ပတ် လည်တိုင်း လေစုပ်ခြင်း-ထုတ်ခြင်း 1 ကြိမ် ဖြစ်သည်။
4. တာဘိုချာဂျာ၏ ထူးခြားချက်မှာ သေးငယ်ပေါ့ပါးပြီး တပ်ဆင်နေရာ ရွေးရ လွယ်ကူသော်လည်း အိတ်ဇော စွမ်းအင် (exhaust energy) နည်းသော အမြန်နှုန်းနိမ့် အပိုင်းမှ အရှိန်တက်ရာတွင် နှောင့်နှေးမှု ဖြစ်လွယ်သည်။

supercharging device (charger)။ turbo သည် exhaust ဖြင့် turbine ကို လှည့်ပြီး low speed ဒေသတွင် တုံ့ပြန်မှု နောက်ကျသည်။ roots type supercharger သည် 2 ရွက် rotor ဖြစ်ပြီး rotor 1 ပတ်လျှင် စုပ်ခြင်း/ထုတ်ခြင်း 4 ကြိမ် ဖြစ်သည်။ air bypass valve သည် boost pressure ၏ တစ်စိတ်တစ်ပိုင်းကို intake ဘက်သို့ လွှတ်သည်။ full floating bearing ၏ peripheral speed သည် shaft ၏ ထက်ဝက်ခန့် ဖြစ်သည်။ အဖြေမှန်မှာ (4) ဖြစ်သည်။ turbocharger သည် တပ်ဆင်ရာတွင် လွတ်လပ်မှု များပြီး သေးငယ်ပေါ့ပါးသော်လည်း exhaust energy နည်းသော low speed rotation ဒေသတွင် တုံ့ပြန်မှု နောက်ကျတတ်သည်။ ကျန် 3 ခုမှာ မှားသည်။ ဘာကွာသလဲဆိုတာ ရွေးချယ်စရာ တစ်ခုချင်းစီ၏ ရှင်းလင်းချက်ကို ကြည့်ပါ။

Bahasa Indonesia

Manakah pernyataan berikut ini tentang supercharger (perangkat induksi paksa) pada sistem isap dan buang yang tepat?

1. Secara umum, kecepatan keliling poros yang digunakan pada turbocharger sekitar setengah kecepatan keliling bantalan full-floating.
2. Supercharger tipe Roots dilengkapi air bypass valve yang, ketika tekanan boost naik melebihi nilai yang ditentukan, melepaskan sebagian tekanan boost ke sisi buang dan mengontrol tekanan boost pada nilai yang ditentukan.
3. Pada supercharger tipe Roots dua lobe, isap dan buang dilakukan satu kali per satu putaran rotor.
4. Sebagai karakteristik turbocharger, ukurannya kecil dan ringan dengan kebebasan posisi pemasangan yang tinggi, tetapi cenderung terlambat naik dari rentang putaran rendah ketika energi gas buang kecil.